astromeria said:
the justices ruled that Detroit police who entered a suspect's home unlawfully would not suffer the usual penalty for an illegal search: exclusion of the evidence at trial.
That one sentence completely mischaracterizes what the Hudson case was all about.
Actually, the rest of the story does the same as well. If you went by what the Times said, you might think the police had no legal authority to enter or search Hudson’s residence and that they had failed to “knock and announce”.
The truth is that they were executing a valid search warrant and they did in fact knock and announce their presence and intentions.
It’s a case of English Common Law principles (where knock and announce comes from) running up against the more modern “exclusionary rule”. Police actions that offend the Constitution's protections against unreasonable search and seizure are remedied by exclusion of
that evidence. But, a mistake in one area does not give the crook a "get out of jail free" card for everything. For example, if the police execute a valid search warrant and gather evidence, but then later take the defendant's confession without advising him of his Miranda rights, the remedy is to exclude the confession - but there is nothing wrong with the evidence found in the earlier search warrant. There has to be a causal relationship between Constitutional violations and evidence before the exclusionary rule allows for relief.
Like many other Fourth Amendment “rules”, the knock and announce rule has exceptions that have long been recognized. There are circumstances, though rare, when the police shouldn’t knock and announce before entry. There are many more instances when they should knock and announce, but not wait too long before entering. The how long to wait question depends greatly on the known facts and how they should have been reasonably interpreted by the cops making entry.
Before Hudson, there were two questions that the court had not answered: What are the different minimums of time to wait, in all of the possible different scenarios, before the police can enter after they have knocked and announced? And, should the “exclusionary rule” apply in instances in which it has been determined that the police didn’t wait long enough?
Hudson’s case did not answer the first question, and the Supremes sighed in relief and basically said “we’re not going to answer that today, but we’ll accept the Michigan court ruling that the wait was not long enough – just so we can answer the second question.”
And that’s all that the Hudson opinion considered. There is no causal relationship between offending the Constitution by not waiting a reasonable time to enter a place to be searched and the actual legality of the search itself. The amount of delay between knocking and entering may have been wrong and may have offended the Constitution, but that had no causal relationship with the legality of the police officers' presence, entry, search and discovery of five crack rocks in Booker T. Hudson's pants pocket.
From the Hudson ruling:
“What the knock-and-announce rule has never protected, however, is one's interest in preventing the government from seeing or taking evidence described in a warrant. Since the interests that were violated in this case have nothing to do with the seizure of the evidence, the exclusionary rule is inapplicable.”