Basic tax questions

[Gearhead Jim]

Here's what I think I know:

Distributions from a traditional IRA are taxed as ordinary income, regardless of what investments were in the IRA.

Interest on a CD is taxed as ordinary income.

My questions:

Outside of an IRA, how and when are gains in a stock mutual fund taxed?

Outside of an IRA, how and when are gains on individual stocks, held in a brokerage account, taxed?

Finally, what are the capital gains rates now, and what do you predict them to be when the current tax cuts end?

Thanks!