small total reits corp total bills Past u.s. averages (up to 200 yrs)
stock bond
12 arithmetic return (overstates stock, bond differ)
-1 near goemetric return (true geometric -2)
-1 survivor bias (records drop failed companies )
10 6 nominal return (tax deferred or paid from work)
-3 -3 inflation (varied considerably)
-2 -1 investing costs (commissions, fund fees, etc)
6 5 4 3 2 1 u.s. domestic saver net real return (u.s. only)
-1 -1 lower international (lower capital gains)
5 4 3 2 1 0 u.s. global saver net real return (u.s still ½)
-1 -1 lower international (more bad runs)
4 3 2 1 0 -1 u.s. international saver net real return (no u.s.)
-2 -1 average down (withdrawal return ratchet down)
Cooley, Hubbard, Walz “Retirement savings: choosing a withdrawal rate…”paper
Charnes, Robinson “Sustainable withdrawals” paper (includes synopsis of other articles)
Dimson, Marsh, Staunton “Irrational Optimism” paper
Jorion, Goetzmann “Global stock markets of the 20th century” paper
Dichev “What were investors actual historical returns” paper
Ervin “Shortfall risk, asset allocation, and over funding a retirement account” paper
Lewellen “Predicting stock returns with financial ratios” paper
Frazzini “Dumb money: mutual fund flows and the cross section of returns” paper
Bernstein “Four pillars of investing” book (efficientfrontier.com)
Bogle “Common sense on mutual funds” book (vanguard.com, related sites)
Hebeler “JK Lassers guide to your winning retirement” book (analyzenow.com)
Dimson, Goyal, Reid “103 year u.s. real estate returns” article
Jorion “Long term risks of global stock markets” Fin. Mgmt. winter 2003 article
Mandelbrot, Taleb “Focus on exceptions that prove the rule” Fin. Times Mar.2006 article