The Three Fund Portfolio

This is why the casinos and lotteries will never go out of business. Some claim that the people who play these games are simply innumerate, but I think it is more basic: Evolution has bred us to think we are exceptional and to be optimistic. Innumeracy helps, though.
But it is essential to have folks trying to beat the market. Value buyers, short-sellers (especially), etc all serve to keep prices efficient. They pay a big price individually, but they benefit every person who is an indexer.

If an obvious neophyte/retiree comes here and says they have found a great FA or broker who can pick winning stocks, I think it is worth it to try to steer them toward indexing and to recommend a few books. If someone in their prime earning years pipes up about their unique stock picking system, alpha, options, etc--there's not much to be done. They will be the bill-payers to keep the market efficient. They will win frequently enough that they will probably keep trying for a long time.
 
But it is essential to have folks trying to beat the market. Value buyers, short-sellers (especially), etc all serve to keep prices efficient. They pay a big price individually, but they benefit every person who is an indexer.

If an obvious neophyte/retiree comes here and says they have found a great FA or broker who can pick winning stocks, I think it is worth it to try to steer them toward indexing and to recommend a few books. If someone in their prime earning years pipes up about their unique stock picking system, alpha, options, etc--there's not much to be done. They will be the bill-payers to keep the market efficient. They will win frequently enough that they will probably keep trying for a long time.
I agree completely. The defenders of stock picking frequently make the silly hypothetical argument: "If everyone indexes, then there will be no price discovery." True enough, but human nature will keep that from happening. There will always be the @Qs Laptop types in adequate supply.

The other similar argument says that price discovery will be compromised even when indexers own just the majority of stocks. This is false, too, because index funds don't trade very much. 5-8% annual portfolio turnover vs 100% or more for the stock pickers. Last time I saw a statistic, the index funds owned about 40% of the market but generated only 5% of the trades. So ... plenty of price discovery going on in the 95%.
 
I agree completely. The defenders of stock picking frequently make the silly hypothetical argument: "If everyone indexes, then there will be no price discovery." True enough, but human nature will keep that from happening. There will always be the @Qs Laptop types in adequate supply.

I have said no such thing about "price discovery". I'd appreciate it if you wouldn't put words into my mouth.
 
My apologies. Didn't mean to hijack the thread. Only to invite Qs Laptop.

Looking back, probably should have sent a PM instead (of course, the that may have been thought of as spam).

Anyhow....we now turn back to the Three Fund Portfolio topic :angel:.


No problem. The purpose of a forum is to exchange information which may be beneficial.

As another side issue: I like to see another thread based on "data and professional articles" only on the subject of passive investing versus active investing and NO PERSONAL OPINIONS.

That is: The passive investors get together and form a "club" and cite 3 on-line articles with data supporting passive investments and 3 articles documenting the problem with active investing.

The active investors get together and form another "club" and cite 3 articles with data supporting active investing and cite 3 articles documenting the problem with index or passive investing.

Note that this is no winners or losers. Just an exchange of information.

We should also defined what active trading mean because I am an active investor but I do agree that index mutual funds performed better than actively managed mutual funds "as a group".

However, I want to leave out actively managed mutual funds and define active trading as someone who exchange money from one index fund to another to increase the overall value of their portfolio. IMO that is active trading.

For example: Here is one acticle that I would cite on the problem with index mutual funds published by imvestopdia:

https://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/09/reasons-to-avoid-index-funds.asp

Again there should be no opinion which means no rebuttal except citing the best articles to support their position. Other neutral readers can examine both sides of the issue and make intelligent decisions based on the articles and not based on a forum opinion that is biased.
 
...
As another side issue: I like to see another thread based on "data and professional articles" only on the subject of passive investing versus active investing and NO PERSONAL OPINIONS.

That is: The passive investors get together and form a "club" and cite 3 on-line articles with data supporting passive investments and 3 articles documenting the problem with active investing.

The active investors get together and form another "club" and cite 3 articles with data supporting active investing and cite 3 articles documenting the problem with index or passive investing.

Note that this is no winners or losers. Just an exchange of information.
...

I think that is an excellent idea. However, unless the mods are willing to take on the task of policing the thread at that level, I regretfully expect that opinion will jump into it. But you could always try. Hope springs eternal!

But how would you define 'active trading' then? IMO, to be useful, and rather than just a parlour game, it needs to be something like I mentioned earlier - an objective set of rules that an investor could reasonably follow. Just like in real science, it should be able to be duplicated by different people.

- ERD50
 
... I like to see another thread based on "data and professional articles" only on the subject of passive investing versus active investing and NO PERSONAL OPINIONS. ...

Done: http://www.early-retirement.org/for...cts-no-opinions-wanted-98167.html#post2248046

... However, I want to ... define active trading as someone who exchange money from one index fund to another to increase the overall value of their portfolio. IMO that is active trading. ...
Agreed. In fact I try to avoid using the term "index investing." The hucksters have hijacked the term and now offer a bizarre array of specialized, geographically small, sector, and other funds whose titles include the word "index." This is a strategy to capture the ignorant who know only that "index investing" is supposed to be the thing to do. I try to use only "passive investing" as a term, which to me means a buy-and-hold-the-whole-market portfolio. The way Eugene Fama says it is "We have to hold the market portfolio."
 
My stock pickin' dude has been beating the market (S&P500) for 4 years straight now including his 1% fee. With serious qualified dividends at low tax rates.

It's unlikely they're "beating the market" on a risk-adjusted basis.

Your advisor is likely taking significantly more risk with your portfolio vs. the market portfolio.

Which leads to larger absolute returns in a rising equity environment.

But means you should expect to see steeper losses in the next downturn vs a market portfolio.
 
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It's unlikely they're "beating the market" on a risk-adjusted basis.

Your advisor is likely taking significantly more risk with your portfolio vs. the market portfolio.

Which leads to larger absolute returns in a rising equity environment.

But means you should expect to see steeper losses in the next downturn vs a market portfolio.

It could be more risk, or it could be idiosyncratic risk.

For example, if I had invested all of RobbieB's money in Beyond Meat, I'd be doing fantastically well compared to the market. But if Beyond Meat were to announce that their product causes cancer, then I could expect steep losses even without a general market downturn.
 
... Your advisor is likely taking significantly more risk with your portfolio vs. the market portfolio. ...
A stock portfolio that is attempting to beat the market is by definition less diversified than the market portfolio, hence has inherently higher risk because individual stocks risk is not diversified away.

The other thing about "beating the market" is that "the market" is often defined as the nominal value of an index at year end vs the beginning of the year. This understates results. The only valid measurement of what "the market" did is a calculation of total return. That is something to watch when an advisor is offering comparisons.
 
.... Here is a better analogy. There are some baseball players that can hit a lot of home runs. There are some that cannot. When an MLB team goes to draft day and is looking to pick the best players, do they consider spending their time, effort, and money to pick an average player? Because over time it will simply average out that we will win the World Series...
.

I replied earlier, but I realize that missed a more important point.

To make this analogous to stock picking, we'd need to look only at the cost of the contract when we buy it, and the price we can sell it for later. A great baseball team can bring in fans, sell more hot dogs and beer, sell more t-shirts and caps etc. For a stock, we only have the buy/sell price (and divs, but those become part of the overall deal).

So I may pick a home run hitter with a great record, and assumed great future, and sign him with a nice 3 year contract (I have zero idea how baseball contracts actually work, but hopefully this is close enough or the analogy). So now the question is, on average, how much can I sell that contract for at a later date? He was expected to perform well, so that was factored into the price I paid. I guess for his contract to increase, he'd need to perform even better than expected? And if he performs worse, the contract will lose value. It seems hard to do better than average buying/selling baseball player contracts, if I need to count on the player doing better than expected (it's a paradox to expect someone to do better than expected!).

In fact, I might do better with the players without much record. They have lower expectations, and lower contract prices. If one of them turns into a Barry Bonds, that might pull my average way up.



.... Another way to look at it is that there are some high school basketball players that can dunk, though most of them cannot. Who are you going to pick for your team--the guy that can dunk, or the average guy that cannot? ...

Sure, but there is plenty of data that shows there is some pretty strong correlation between recent past performance and near term future performance for sports players. No one is going to sign me up for the NBA, and hope that I magically develop the ability to dunk the ball.

But where is this data for stock pickers? I was away from the forum when that other thread started and ended, and I didn't see any evidence presented to back that (though plenty was learned, but not what some intended).

You can probably show that businesses that perform well in the recent past will perform well in the near future. But those expectations are baked in the price - it doesn't mean their stock will perform better than average of the market.


....
There you go again comparing picking investments to being lucky. ...
Well then, please show us evidence of successful stock picking system that is transferable to others and repeatable.


.... I don't have to beat the market EVERY YEAR to cumulatively beat the market over 20 years. ....

I don't think anyone asked for or expected that. But one would want to see the cumulative to beat the market over 5, 10, 15 year periods.


.... Sure, and I've done so. Most of my large growth investments is in several mutual funds, like FKDNX, FOCPX, FBGRX, ANEFX. I could show you some past data but you would respond with "backtesting is not predictive of the future" or something similar. Meanwhile, I happily go on beating the market.

But if you want average returns, that's your prerogative.
I want the highest returns I can get. So far, no one has demonstrated how to that better than taking the total market average.

Anecdotes are a tough sell. Again, random distirbution (not luck) would indicate that 50% of stock pickers should be able to beat the market. But we don't know which group they are in going into it, so it isn't useful information.

-ERD50
 
Ironically for the sports analogy, I read an article that basically said that many pro teams were overpaying for good players and good draft picks. They overpaid so much that other teams could successfully trade their good players and draft picks to these "overpaying" teams" for less valuable but underpriced "worse" players and draft picks and come out ahead.
 
Done: http://www.early-retirement.org/for...cts-no-opinions-wanted-98167.html#post2248046

Agreed. In fact I try to avoid using the term "index investing." The hucksters have hijacked the term and now offer a bizarre array of specialized, geographically small, sector, and other funds whose titles include the word "index." This is a strategy to capture the ignorant who know only that "index investing" is supposed to be the thing to do. I try to use only "passive investing" as a term, which to me means a buy-and-hold-the-whole-market portfolio. The way Eugene Fama says it is "We have to hold the market portfolio."
https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/13/dea...regular-stock-picking-jpmorgan-estimates.html
JP Morgan is claiming it is the exaact opposite with 60% of all trading passive investing and only 10% stock picking on fundamentals.

Proof that passive investing inflates prices - after all it must as purchases are held and not sold therefore decreasing the outstanding stock supply increasing competition for remaining stock even amongst the 3 trillion indexes that occurs is this study that shows being added to the S&P 500 results in a 7 percent run up in the stock prior to being added to the index as investors front run indexes.
https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2015-07-07/can-you-really-game-index-funds-

But to see what the smartest people do, they do not invest in index funds even as they accumulate their Nobel prizes. They hold private placements
https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonm...stanfords-and-yales-investments/#6e0e122e1a3d
https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fsimonmoore%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F06%2Fallocation.jpg


The reason is simple, as Kara Swisher points out, Harvard types study financial markets and learn how simple it is to raise debt to form companies and creates equities and allows for huge paydays as he series C investors come along. The people that make this happen study at the Harvard, Yale and Stanford school of business, it is a club and many of them are fabulously wealthy and none have done it by investing in passive investments, they shoot for the moon in private investing and get loans and out before everything falls apart.

https://www.vox.com/podcasts/2019/3...y-crisis-kara-swisher-teddy-schleifer-podcast

As Forbes states in their article"
But tracking the index eliminates regret.
and that is why individuals pick a "index" to compare against and invest in the passive funds. And everyone has their own "market" to compare against which provides comfort.
 
.... Proof that passive investing inflates prices - after all it must as purchases are held and not sold therefore decreasing the outstanding stock supply increasing competition for remaining stock even amongst the 3 trillion indexes that occurs is this study that shows being added to the S&P 500 results in a 7 percent run up in the stock prior to being added to the index as investors front run indexes. ....

Is that actionable? I don't think the S&P 500 is changed often enough to turn that into a trading strategy, and it sure would be hard to do at any level and maintain a reasonable diversification.

And it doesn't answer the question. Maybe this effect is a drag on index/passive performance, but that doesn't automatically mean that active investing is better. Where is the data?

.... But to see what the smartest people do, they do not invest in index funds even as they accumulate their Nobel prizes. ...

The reason is simple, as Kara Swisher points out, Harvard types study financial markets and learn how simple it is to raise debt to form companies and creates equities and allows for huge paydays as he series C investors come along. The people that make this happen study at the Harvard, Yale and Stanford school of business, it is a club and many of them are fabulously wealthy and none have done it by investing in passive investments, they shoot for the moon in private investing and get loans and out before everything falls apart. .....

IIRC, you pointed this out in another thread. But I'm only interested in trying to emulate what the 'smart people' do if:

A) It provides better results.

In that other thread, I recall you just pointed out all these groups that actively invest, but I don't recall seeing actual audited results (which are a bit tricky, since they seem to have large inflow/outflow). I think I found a link showing them to trail the market. Maybe one of us can find that thread.​

B) Is actionable, repeatable by a personal investor.

If I'm reading you right, the above isn't something the personal investor can easily get involved in. Sounds like you are talking about getting in at the start up, private equity level? OK, that's nice, but not something most of us can really take on.​

"many of them are fabulously wealthy and none have done it by investing in passive investments,"
-- that still doesn't mean that passive investing isn't the right choice for personal investors. It's a bit of a straw-man, having success on one path doesn't automatically indicate we should reject other paths. There is also the issue of survivor-ship bias. That leads us to point to Gates and Jobs and say we should drop out of college if we want to be successful.

I will be swayed by results, not 'stories' about success.


.... As Forbes states in their article"
and that is why individuals pick a "index" to compare against and invest in the passive funds. And everyone has their own "market" to compare against which provides comfort.

Another straw-man, IMO. Just because there are thousands of passive funds/ETFs does not mean that we can't easily select the big Total Market index funds/ETFs to use as our benchmark (VTI, VTSMX, and similar).

-ERD50
 
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...

In that other thread, I recall you just pointed out all these groups that actively invest, but I don't recall seeing actual audited results (which are a bit tricky, since they seem to have large inflow/outflow). I think I found a link showing them to trail the market. Maybe one of us can find that thread.​
...

-ERD50

Found it.

http://www.early-retirement.org/forums/f44/stocking-picking-contest-v3-0-a-97638.html#post2234018

From 2010-2018, Harvard Fiscal years:

2.1328 < Total Increase; the market in the same time increase 3.526x

A more conservative 70/30 mix did 2.869; 12.42% CAGR
Even a 40/40/20 (cash) to allow for liquidity for distributions beat @ 2.149 and 8.87% CAGR


http://bit.ly/2Jaxjj0 <<<< Portfolio analyzer for market returns

-ERD50
 
Thanks, @running_man. Your conspiracy theories gave me a smile again this morning. Your hyperbole ("3 trillion indexes") is just frosting on the cake.

You do remember, don't you, that none of your conspiratorial cabal is involved with the semiannual S&P SPIVA report cards that always show stock pickers losing to passive investors over the long haul?

Regarding the CNBC article you linked, you really should have read it. It does not say that passive investors account for 60% of trades. Or, absent reading it, apply some simple logic: Passive is not (at least yet) 60% of the market cap and passive portfolios do not trade frequently. Ergo, logic says that it is impossible that passive trading could account for 60% of all trades.

Re the effect of being added to the S&P 500, that is really old news. But as you should know, investing in the S&P 500 is not passive investing. Passive investors basically buy everything and the S&P is not even close to being 50% of the world market cap. To your point, though, I think there may be an argument for avoiding the S&P long term because it is being driven up by people who (like you) conflate index investing with passive investing.
 
Another straw-man, IMO. Just because there are thousands of passive funds/ETFs does not mean that we can't easily select the big Total Market index funds/ETFs to use as our benchmark (VTI, VTSMX, and similar).

-ERD50

And that is my point, nearly every single passive investor chooses their own index as their market, a passive investor by design cannot be wrong, invest in the passive funds of your choice and market segment, collect the index data and voila you are always performing as well as your index and no one can deny it! It is the premier method that will always perform as designed, which is a good thing for almost anyone. The fact there are 116 posts in the three fund portfolio thread are a testament to this.
 
Thanks, @running_man. Your conspiracy theories gave me a smile again this morning. Your hyperbole ("3 trillion indexes") is just frosting on the cake.

You do remember, don't you, that none of your conspiratorial cabal is involved with the semiannual S&P SPIVA report cards that always show stock pickers losing to passive investors over the long haul?

Regarding the CNBC article you linked, you really should have read it. It does not say that passive investors account for 60% of trades. Or, absent reading it, apply some simple logic: Passive is not (at least yet) 60% of the market cap and passive portfolios do not trade frequently. Ergo, logic says that it is impossible that passive trading could account for 60% of all trades.

Re the effect of being added to the S&P 500, that is really old news. But as you should know, investing in the S&P 500 is not passive investing. Passive investors basically buy everything and the S&P is not even close to being 50% of the world market cap. To your point, though, I think there may be an argument for avoiding the S&P long term because it is being driven up by people who (like you) conflate index investing with passive investing.
The S&P500 makes up 22 trillion VOO of the 26 trillion market cap of the VTI,
the correlation between VTI (Vanguard’s Total Stock Market ETF), and VOO (Vanguard’s S&P 500 ETF) is 99.96%.
 
And that is my point, nearly every single passive investor chooses their own index as their market, a passive investor by design cannot be wrong, invest in the passive funds of your choice and market segment, collect the index data and voila you are always performing as well as your index and no one can deny it! It is the premier method that will always perform as designed, which is a good thing for almost anyone. The fact there are 116 posts in the three fund portfolio thread are a testament to this.

Either I am not understanding what you are trying to get across here, or I am understanding it, but consider it to be irrelevant.

If you are trying to say that if I consider VTI 'the market' (OK, US market, but that' s good enough for me, since they sell/trade with rest-of-the-world markets), then of course if I invest in VTI, I am doing well as I match my chosen benchmark? That's just a tautology, it isn't a useful thing to observe. And it has nothing to do with the point being discussed.

The point (as far as I'm concerned), is can active investing beat a passive approach that I can easily do myself, such as just buy & hold VTI.

So where is this data that shows that a personal investor, like most of the people on this thread, could follow a defined approach, and have a very good chance of beating VTI?

Let me attempt to be positive and constructive about this. If you are really interested in swaying the opinion of some of us, you need to provide some data for a systematic way we could implement this. It's OK if it's some extra work that many/most of might not want to take on, but it should be 'do-able' for those who are interested.

Making statements about "this is what smart people/orgs do", or "you can't beat averages by being average", or "none of these successful people used passive investing to get rich" do not stand on their own. It can be seen to be a diversion from not having the data, so it's not helping your case.

For the record, I'm always interesting in beating the market. I'll keep an open mind, but I've also seen enough to be wary. Data on a set of rules that has worked (on average) over an extended time period (5 years?) is what I would need to see. It would help to see how it performed in up/down/flat markets. Not "this guy did it" (half of all attempts should work, based on statistics).

-ERD50
 
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Another point - remember the 'smart guys' that under-performed Warren Buffett's passive approach?

https://assetbuilder.com/knowledge-...arrassing-side-of-buffetts-million-dollar-bet

Turns out, they would not have beat a passive approach, even before their fees!

... if Protégé Partners’ hadn’t taken its cut, a global stock market index would have still beaten these pros.

.... However, a low-cost global stock market portfolio with 60 percent in U.S. bonds (and no exposure to large U.S. stocks) would have beaten the hedgies too–and with far lower risk.

And it was Protégé Partners who claimed that Buffett had an advantage with the S&P 500, that it did better than global markets. So this author called their bluff, and compared them to the global market, and they still lost - before fees!

But the retirees on this forum, w/o vast, fast computing resources and lots of PhDs should be able to do it?

That's a big bridge there.

-ERD50
 
The S&P500 makes up 22 trillion VOO of the 26 trillion market cap of the VTI,
the correlation between VTI (Vanguard’s Total Stock Market ETF), and VOO (Vanguard’s S&P 500 ETF) is 99.96%.

I'll agree with you there (after all, it is data!).

While we can say the S&P500 is too narrow to represent 'the market', in reality it seems to be 'close enough'. I'd guess we are at diminishing returns.

Regardless, I've started using VTI in place of SPY, no reason not to. Also, lower divs, so I might see some tax advantage.

-ERD50
 
1200 the monkeys did not complete the experiment as they were asked to leave due to their disruptive behaviors.

1200 monkeys 'retired' bc flipping a coin became too redundant? [emoji205] outta here / got better ways to spend my time [emoji85] [emoji86] [emoji87]
 
For the record, I'm always interesting in beating the market. I'll keep an open mind, but I've also seen enough to be wary. Data on a set of rules that has worked (on average) over an extended time period (5 years?) is what I would need to see. It would help to see how it performed in up/down/flat markets. Not "this guy did it" (half of all attempts should work, based on statistics).

-ERD50

Nobody asked me, but I'd demand more.

I'd have to know that the outperformance did not take on excessive risk. As I pointed out, putting 100% of your portfolio into Beyond Meat would have you outperforming the market (not by 5 years, but still, one could surely find a single stock that has outperformed the market over the past 5 years). But doing so exposes you to a lot more risk than VTI.

I'd have to know that the outperformance did not require a lot of work (you alluded to this). I'm not monitoring Level II data on vacation.

I'd have to know that the outperformance still outperformed on an after-tax basis.

Finally, I'd have to have objective, measurable decision rules. I've seen many posts here saying, "Hey, when the market is dropping, just move to safety, then when it's going back up, buy back in." And I think some people may be able to eek out an extra bit by doing so. But I bet those people did it on their gut feel, which is something I can't replicate.
 
Nobody asked me, but I'd demand more.

I'd have to know that the outperformance did not take on excessive risk. As I pointed out, putting 100% of your portfolio into Beyond Meat would have you outperforming the market (not by 5 years, but still, one could surely find a single stock that has outperformed the market over the past 5 years). But doing so exposes you to a lot more risk than VTI.

I'd have to know that the outperformance did not require a lot of work (you alluded to this). I'm not monitoring Level II data on vacation.

I'd have to know that the outperformance still outperformed on an after-tax basis.

Finally, I'd have to have objective, measurable decision rules. I've seen many posts here saying, "Hey, when the market is dropping, just move to safety, then when it's going back up, buy back in." And I think some people may be able to eek out an extra bit by doing so. But I bet those people did it on their gut feel, which is something I can't replicate.

Good points. In addition, these rules would have had to have been in place at the start of the period in question, not 'back tested' (that could just be data-mining/curve-fitting). IOW, for a 5 year review, the rules would have had to have been put in place and executed 5 years ago.

We ran into that in one of the pro 'dividend paying' threads a while back. Someone had a list of dividend payers that were selected by some specific criteria, and that group performed incredibly well. Too well to not raise suspicion. Sure enough, it was all back testing which basically said - pick the most successful div paying stocks over the past 10 years, and buy them 10 years ago! I think Will Rogers already trademarked something similar. :)

-ERD50
 
The S&P500 makes up 22 trillion VOO of the 26 trillion market cap of the VTI, The correlation between VTI (Vanguard’s Total Stock Market ETF), and VOO (Vanguard’s S&P 500 ETF) is 99.96%.
Not sure what your point is, but that's about the 80% number I remember. That's another reason to hold the world portfolio, VTWSX/VT or at least to have substantial international holdings.
 
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