Progressive Nature of Tax Code

stephenandrew

Recycles dryer sheets
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I thought this was interesting. From the IRS Statistics of Income Bulletin, Spring 2008.


In 2006, slightly less 4.1 million tax returns were filed with adjusted gross income of $200,000 or above. The total income reported on these forms was about $2.4 trillion. This works out to an average of about $594,000 per return. Average tax liability was $136,300. In the same year, about 37.6 million returns were filed where adjusted gross income was less than $15,000. Total income for this group was $189 billion, or an average of $5014 per return. Average tax liability: $151.

Obviously, there is a huge disparity in income. The higher earning group reported income that was about 118 times what the lower earning group reported. The higher earning group also paid taxes at about a rate of 900 times what the lower earning group paid. I knew the tax code was progressive, but never realized it was this progressive.

Disclaimer--I am not in the $200K+ group.
 
Just study this little form (for a details of how it breaks down) here: http://www.irs.gov/formspubs/article/0,,id=164272,00.html

It is for 2007 but you can get the idea. Remember this is "taxable income" after all deductions, credits, exemptions, etc.

Also remember I think something like 40% of people that actually have income are not even required to file a tax return.

Sort of gives you an idea of how the "performers" in our economy are carrying a load; a load that may be getting much worse shortly,
 
Since $15k is barely subsistence in modern America, I have no problem with a $15k worker paying $151 in 1040 taxes..

stephen, if you wished to dig below the surface, you can find tons of regressive taxes that balance this out somewhat (sales taxes, "sin" taxes, FICA, gas and car taxes, and so forth).

Also, I can't believe you haven't come across this ;) :):
The Raw Story | Billionaire Buffett still complaining his taxes are too low
Supporting Gravel: Taxation Part I: Warren Buffett's Secretary, and The Regressive Upper End

People with high earned income do pay more percentage-wise, but the truly wealthy get to keep far more of their income as a percentage than the poorest 20%. I don't see regular people getting breaks on sales taxes too often, but I see California insisting on keeping their sales tax exemption on yachts (in the face of a $14 billion deficit).

so, err.. let's all sing:
"don't cry for me, Argentinaaa..."
 
One more reason for a flat tax..........
 

I question Buffett's numbers. From the 2006 Tax Tables (article you link was Oct, 2007):

Assuming secretary had an AGI of 60K, filed a single return, and did not itemize.

Taxable income = 60K - 5.15K (standard deduction) - 3.3K (one exemption) = 51.55K

Federal Income Tax = 4.22K + 25% of amount over 30.65K = 4.22K + 0.25 x (51.55 - 30.65) = 9.445K

FICA (SS/Medicare) Tax = 7.65% x 60K = 4.59K

Total Federal Tax = 9.445K + 4.59K = 14.035K

So the secretary would have paid a total of about 23% of her income in Federal Tax (not 30%) and one-third of that was FICA taxes. Her Federal income tax rate was 15.7%.
 
People with high earned income do pay more percentage-wise, but the truly wealthy get to keep far more of their income as a percentage than the poorest 20%.
Any evidence to support this statement? I must be stupid because I have a relatively high income and I damn sure don't get to keep "far more of my income as a percentage" as compared to those with lower incomes. My evidence aside from my own return, I have a pretty good idea what the taxes are for my 80 employees. And I'm not sure how many of the poorest 20% even pay taxes...
 
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People with high earned income do pay more percentage-wise, but the truly wealthy get to keep far more of their income as a percentage than the poorest 20%. I don't see regular people getting breaks on sales taxes too often, but I see California insisting on keeping their sales tax exemption on yachts (in the face of a $14 billion deficit).

so, err.. let's all sing:
"don't cry for me, Argentinaaa..."


Well, I'd like to see any data you have to support that statement. Based on the same source data I sited above, the average tax rate for those returns with over $200,000 in agi is 22.91%. For those that earn < $15,0000, the comparable figure is 3.01%. So it would appear to me, atleast from a Federal income tax standpoint, the poor get to keep more of their income than the rich. No doubt it is a smaller amount, but in percentage terms it is larger. Are you thinking that all of the payroll, sales, property taxes, etc. change these figures? It could be, I just don't have any data to examine that.
 
Well, I'd like to see any data you have to support that statement. Based on the same source data I sited above, the average tax rate for those returns with over $200,000 in agi is 22.91%. For those that earn < $15,0000, the comparable figure is 3.01%. So it would appear to me, atleast from a Federal income tax standpoint, the poor get to keep more of their income than the rich. No doubt it is a smaller amount, but in percentage terms it is larger. Are you thinking that all of the payroll, sales, property taxes, etc. change these figures? It could be, I just don't have any data to examine that.

If you include payroll tax, that 3.01 - if correct - jumps to around 18%. The average rate for the high earners hardly budges because the bulk of the income is for extremely high earners and unearned income pays no payroll tax.

No tax system is fair - and most people I know feel they pay a higher burden which benefits or subsidizes others. The US, however, is particularly uneven because the political process and tax code is used to benefit a few with a massive concentration of both income and wealth.

Michael
 
If you include payroll tax, that 3.01 - if correct - jumps to around 18%. The average rate for the high earners hardly budges because the bulk of the income is for extremely high earners and unearned income pays no payroll tax.

No tax system is fair - and most people I know feel they pay a higher burden which benefits or subsidizes others. The US, however, is particularly uneven because the political process and tax code is used to benefit a few with a massive concentration of both income and wealth.

Michael


Ok, fair enough, but 18% is still lower than 22.91%, so I am still not seeing how this benefits the "few"--they still appear to be paying a higher rate
 
The link that Ladelfina included shows Buffet paying only 17.7%.

I don't think any of our forum members can qualify as the "truly rich". We may be good wage earners, but the truly rich get their income from dividends and capital gains, and those are taxed at lower rates. Am I missing something? Another obscure tax code that cancels out the above?

One more reason for flat tax. Income is income ...
 
All the states are different, but I found a few things here:
On the D.C. Tax Burden Report
at the state/local level taxes went from between 7-8% for everyone in '97.. to 9.5% for those making $150+k and over 12% for those making $25k in 2005. Between 03 and 05 all went up except the $150k+ which went down.

Washington state:
The wealthiest one percent of Washington taxpayers—with average incomes of $1.6 million—pay only 3.3% of their income in Washington state and local taxes. After accounting for tax savings from federal itemized deductions the effective rate becomes just 3.2%.
# Middle-income Washington taxpayers earning between $31,000 and $48,000 pay
11.1% of their income in Washington state and local taxes, almost three and a half
times the effective rate of the very wealthy.
# But Washington families earning less than $17,000—the poorest fifth of Washington
non-elderly taxpayers—pay a whopping 17.6% of their income in state and local taxes, more than five times the rate on the best off.
The study found that Washington’s taxes are so extremely regressive because the state lacks an income tax and instead relies primarily on regressive sales and excise taxes to pay for public services.
http://www.itepnet.org/wp2000/wa pr.pdf
this is a 2003 report


Here's a good (yet a bit goofy take on it) I came across..
Follow the money.

Why should the rich pay more?
Some say, for the same reason reason John Dillinger robbed banks: because that's where the money is. There is some logic to that, the richest 2% control in the ballpark of 40% of the private wealth in the USA. [note: this is ten years old or more, so we need to update this to 1% and 50%] Others say; "Because they can afford it." Others who complain about progressive taxes say it's because people want "revenge on the rich", or it's "class envy". Or they say, "Why should the successful people be penalized?" That is an interesting take on reality.

But there is one argument that is not often seen, the "follow the money", or follow the tax money argument. Simply put, it says you get what you pay for. It says that if you eat a gourmet meal, you have purchased an entire different meal (not just more of it) than for a McDonald's Happy Meal. We claim that progressive taxes buys Rich Boy toys, regressive taxes buy Poor Boy toys. We say fair is fair. To test this idea, we follow the tax money.

Progressive taxes (such as income taxes) pay mostly for Rich Boy toys: Desert Storm, Cold War, gunboat diplomacy, the Fed's infinite labor pool (WANTED: unemployment) and any related poverty, NAFTA, GAT, free trade agreements, interstate freeways, National Parks, FBI, CIA, a hot-shot standing military, etc. And regressive taxes: (mostly local sales taxes and fees) go for Poor Boy toys: local roads, hospitals, schools, local parks, libraries, cops, city/county councils, fire fighting, etc.

If "toys" sounds too flippant, feel free to swap with a term that rings true for you, such as "tools of the trade", or "economic infrastructures."

To oversimplify a bit, a carpenter does not require the Rich Boy toys, and the CEO of GM does not require the Poor Boy toys. And progressive (mostly federal income) taxes soak the rich, regressive (mostly local sales) taxes soak the poor.

So each Boy is largely paying for his own meal.

Libertarians often argue: TAX IS THEFT!
It's human nature to overestimate one's own powers and to undervalue the help we have received. The toys. Perhaps taxes are like any other transaction. A bundled transaction. When you buy a set of tires or a meal at a restaurant, you are paying for employee theft, drunk employees, security, air conditioning, accountants, and stupid business moves, etc. that you may disapprove of, bundled into the cost of doing business and it's not on your invoice. Bottom line: nobody is forcing you to buy the tires or the meal.
Your choice. You can live like a hermit in a shack, eating roots. If you do not consume the toys, likely you will be poor and owe no taxes. But once you have eaten and grown fat you are now in debt. There is no free lunch.

Some say that the American meal is the best meal in the world. If you have eaten of it, pay your debts, and don't try and sneak out the back door.
...

Beware of the so-called tax cut.

The tax cut is a funny way of managing a household. It's like deciding that you are spending too much money, so you ask your boss for a wage cut.

Perhaps the best way to stop spending too much money is to stop spending too much money. What an idea! Fix or cut the wasteful programs.

Sometimes a tax cut is not really a tax cut. That's because there is no free lunch. If a needed program is blindly defunded, then the money has to come from somewhere. Often if it's a federal program that is defunded, the slack is taken up by local (largely regressive) taxes. What we have is not a tax cut, but a tax shift, from the Rich Boys debt onto the Poor Boy's shoulders.

In 1996 a federal across-the-board "tax cut" was popular in certain circles. Here is how cutting progressive (income) taxes might have affected you: If you made 36K, Dole's 15% "cut" takes $320/year less from you. But if local sales taxes edge up 1% to make up, you just lost money. Beware of the free lunch.

While most Rich Boys don't want the Poor Boys to shoulder their debts, keep in mind that for many of the very Rich Boys, that's part of their job. That's just simple economics.
Regressive, Progressive taxes/taxation explained.

---
also... verrry interesting and an aspect nowhere to be found in the above figures:
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10991519
I didn't listen to the story yet, but here's the salient point from the blurb
A pair of $3 canvas sneakers has the single highest tariff in the United States: 67 percent. But $12 sneakers are assessed 37 percent, and for $300 Italian leather imports, there's no tariff at all. Why are tariffs higher on the shoes that poorer people buy?

---
let's see what has happened to the bill (HR 3934) proposed by the Rep. in the story to remove the high tariffs on cheap shoes:
http://www.congress.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/D?d110:13:./temp/~bdDVbs:@@@X
Latest Major Action: 10/23/2007 Referred to House committee. Status: Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means.
looks kinda stalled.

---
even more interesting:
http://www.ppionline.org/documents/Tariffs_Tax_the_Poor.pdf
Spoons made from precious metals have a tariff of 4.2 percent. By contrast, spoons imported for 25 cents or less apiece face a 14 percent tariff. Silver-plated forks and knives face no tariffs at all.Tariffs on sets of table china valued below $56 are 26 percent. Tariffs on very expensive porcelain sets of plates and cups—those worth more than $200—are only 6 percent. Tariffs on drinking glasses, if they are worth more than $5 each, are 3 percent; if they cost less than a dollar, the rate is 16 percent.5
etc. etc. ..
Since most of what Americans buy is imported this is a huge systemic discrepancy in the hidden taxes people are paying for cheap goods vs. luxury ones. As the radio piece stated, this was supposed to protect American jobs but has obviously failed. It's still unclear why, if there are tariffs at all, that only the lower-priced goods are targeted. Don't we want high-end stuff to be made in USA, too? Anyway.. interesting, I thought.
And if you bother to look at the PDF, it's also interesting that the countries paying the most tariffs are the poorest countries as well, since they make the low-end stuff. For example,
Mongolia $390 $0.143 billion $23 million 16.1%
Norway $33,470 $5.173 billion $24 million 0.5%
Bangladesh $370 $2.353 billion $331 million14.1%
France $24,170 $30.023 billion $330 million 1.1%
First # is per capita income, second is total exports to US, third is total tariff paid, and last is percent of transaction paid in tariffs.

So we are taxing Bangladesh and Mongolia ten times more than France and Norway and at the same time creating costlier low-end goods for low-end consumers in the US. Win-win... :confused:
 
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I thought this was interesting. From the IRS Statistics of Income Bulletin, Spring 2008.


In 2006, slightly less 4.1 million tax returns were filed with adjusted gross income of $200,000 or above. The total income reported on these forms was about $2.4 trillion. This works out to an average of about $594,000 per return. Average tax liability was $136,300. In the same year, about 37.6 million returns were filed where adjusted gross income was less than $15,000. Total income for this group was $189 billion, or an average of $5014 per return. Average tax liability: $151.

Obviously, there is a huge disparity in income. The higher earning group reported income that was about 118 times what the lower earning group reported. The higher earning group also paid taxes at about a rate of 900 times what the lower earning group paid. I knew the tax code was progressive, but never realized it was this progressive.

Disclaimer--I am not in the $200K+ group.


I earn a little more than 15k but if you give me a job for 594,000. I will gladly pay taxes of 136,300 and give you a 5k tip.
 
I earn a little more than 15k but if you give me a job for 594,000. I will gladly pay taxes of 136,300 and give you a 5k tip.

Well, as long as we are giving out incomes - I'll take one for 10 million a year & you can tax me 8 million.

Therein lies the buy-in by much of America to progressive taxation. That anyone wealthier than them has been "given" more money, so they should appropriately punished.
 
I earn a little more than 15k but if you give me a job for 594,000. I will gladly pay taxes of 136,300 and give you a 5k tip.

Cute, but no one is going to "give" you a job for $594K.

Currently, my salary is a little over $180K/yr. While that doesn't make me rich, it's still a good income. But no one gave it to me. I've earned every penny of it through career choices and hard work. In the 17 years I've been with my employer, I've taken 10 days of vacation. I've never taken a day of sick leave. On a typical weekday, I leave for work at 7 am and don't get home until 8 or 9 pm. I'm fortunate to have only a 15 minute commute by bicycle. This morning, I was in my office at 5:30 am because something had to be done by 8. And I was at work until 11 last night. This is not unusual. (Yes, I'm wasting time on the internet right now.) When I'm not handling the hundreds of emails I receive each day, I'm often in worthless meetings. I generally take it easy on the weekends, perhaps working 4-5 hours on both days. Evenings, weekends, and holidays are the only time for productive work. And I do a lot of it. As a non-academic research scientist, I have over 30 peer-reviewed journal publications. I've licensed software to other companies and organizations. I was PI or co-PI on about $8M in proposals last year. I've been interviewed on local/national television 8 times (?) during my career. I've been on the Discovery Channel. Depending on how you count, I supervise about 20 other scientists, engineers, and technicians. I sacrifice and the sacrifice has a cost. I often wake up with dread in the middle of the night with thoughts of work (funding, personnel conflicts, being yelled at, competition, never ending bureaucracy, one problem after another, etc).

I'm not complaining. These are the choices I've made. But I work for every penny I earn. But that work has limits. I'm not in it for the government or the benefit of mankind. I'm in it for myself. People with higher incomes have higher incomes because they work for it. And I guarantee you. The more the government takes, the less they're going to work.

My total marginal tax rate is almost 50% (federal, state, SS, medicare, etc). What incentive do I have to continue working when such a high fraction of my effort goes to taxes. I'll turn 50 next year and be eligible to retire with lifetime medical benefits. Why should I continue to be a productive member of society when it's much easier to be a leech. The IRS has lost this worker. Let other poor saps foot the government tax bill. I'm going to Disneyland.
 
I'm not disagreeing with anything you said.

I just want to point out that SS does not factor into your marginal tax rate, since your income is beyond the limit for SS taxation.

Cute, but no one is going to "give" you a job for $594K.

Currently, my salary is a little over $180K/yr. While that doesn't make me rich, it's still a good income. But no one gave it to me. I've earned every penny of it through career choices and hard work. In the 17 years I've been with my employer, I've taken 10 days of vacation. I've never taken a day of sick leave. On a typical weekday, I leave for work at 7 am and don't get home until 8 or 9 pm. I'm fortunate to have only a 15 minute commute by bicycle. This morning, I was in my office at 5:30 am because something had to be done by 8. And I was at work until 11 last night. This is not unusual. (Yes, I'm wasting time on the internet right now.) When I'm not handling the hundreds of emails I receive each day, I'm often in worthless meetings. I generally take it easy on the weekends, perhaps working 4-5 hours on both days. Evenings, weekends, and holidays are the only time for productive work. And I do a lot of it. As a non-academic research scientist, I have over 30 peer-reviewed journal publications. I've licensed software to other companies and organizations. I was PI or co-PI on about $8M in proposals last year. I've been interviewed on local/national television 8 times (?) during my career. I've been on the Discovery Channel. Depending on how you count, I supervise about 20 other scientists, engineers, and technicians. I sacrifice and the sacrifice has a cost. I often wake up with dread in the middle of the night with thoughts of work (funding, personnel conflicts, being yelled at, competition, never ending bureaucracy, one problem after another, etc).

I'm not complaining. These are the choices I've made. But I work for every penny I earn. But that work has limits. I'm not in it for the government or the benefit of mankind. I'm in it for myself. People with higher incomes have higher incomes because they work for it. And I guarantee you. The more the government takes, the less they're going to work.

My total marginal tax rate is almost 50% (federal, state, SS, medicare, etc). What incentive do I have to continue working when such a high fraction of my effort goes to taxes. I'll turn 50 next year and be eligible to retire with lifetime medical benefits. Why should I continue to be a productive member of society when it's much easier to be a leech. The IRS has lost this worker. Let other poor saps foot the government tax bill. I'm going to Disneyland.
 
if you wished to dig below the surface, you can find tons of regressive taxes that balance this out somewhat (sales taxes, "sin" taxes, FICA, gas and car taxes, and so forth).

Seems to me that "sin" taxes are discretionary. No one has to pay them.
 
He's counting both halves of FICA. Remember, your employer is forced to pay the same FICA as you are to have you as an employee. If you're self-employed, you have to pay both halves yourself.

FICA really amounts to a 15.3% tax, most of which is only applied to low and middle income earners. FICA is basically meaningless to Buffett.

Buffett benefits from the very low tax rate on dividends. Of course, the argument can be made that the corporate income tax is really an additional tax on dividends, since it reduces companies' earnings and ability to pay dividends.


I question Buffett's numbers. From the 2006 Tax Tables (article you link was Oct, 2007):

Assuming secretary had an AGI of 60K, filed a single return, and did not itemize.

Taxable income = 60K - 5.15K (standard deduction) - 3.3K (one exemption) = 51.55K

Federal Income Tax = 4.22K + 25% of amount over 30.65K = 4.22K + 0.25 x (51.55 - 30.65) = 9.445K

FICA (SS/Medicare) Tax = 7.65% x 60K = 4.59K

Total Federal Tax = 9.445K + 4.59K = 14.035K

So the secretary would have paid a total of about 23% of her income in Federal Tax (not 30%) and one-third of that was FICA taxes. Her Federal income tax rate was 15.7%.
 
The higher earning group also paid taxes at about a rate of 900 times what the lower earning group paid.

I look at this very different from most people. The rich in this country are soooooo rich they can afford to pay 900 times the tax the poor pay, and still get richer. WOW.
 
The link that Ladelfina included shows Buffet paying only 17.7%.

I don't think any of our forum members can qualify as the "truly rich". We may be good wage earners, but the truly rich get their income from dividends and capital gains, and those are taxed at lower rates. Am I missing something? Another obscure tax code that cancels out the above?

One more reason for flat tax. Income is income ...

I am not rich, but I get all my income from dividends and capital gains, and I pay a lot of tax. I am frequently confused by forum members who talk about good upper middle class lifestyles and very low tax rates.

The only way I can see that this can be is if one saved all his/her capital, and was not particularly successful at growing it from investing.

The other thing I don't remember seeing mentioned is that many stealth taxes are based on AGI- the amount you pay for Medicare, your deduction thresholds, front page deductibility of student loan interest, various credits, etc., etc. So sources of income are not differentiated- you are paying the same rate no matter how the income is classified.

Everyone should pay tax; in a democracy it is the only way to prevent unholy alliances of demagogues and non-productive people from robbing those who do succeed.

Ha
 
Per the Internal Revenue Service, in calendar year 2006, the Federal Individual Income Tax share paid by the top 10% of income earners (AGI > $108,904) was 70.79%.

The share paid by the top 1% (AGI > $388,806) was 39.89%.

The share paid by the bottom 50% (AGI < $31,987) was 3.01%.

If the rich aren't paying their fair share, I wonder how much they "should" be paying?
 
I look at this very different from most people. The rich in this country are soooooo rich they can afford to pay 900 times the tax the poor pay, and still get richer. WOW.


My own thoughts on this are somewhat different than yours, in that what they can afford to pay is really not relevant. Seems to me that (as a previous poster pointed out) that differences such as these have trhe potential to discourage the most productive workers from staying in the workforce. I am not opposed to the "rich" paying more in taxes than the "poor", but I just never realized until I saw these numbers what a disparity there is between what different income cohorts paid.
 
If I saw the really wealthy working as hard --buying lobbyists and leaning on politicians.. threatening not to go to their $5k/plate fundraisers unless they work to reduce gov. spending and not just on social programs but on ag./oil subsidies and defense contracts and so forth-- working as hard on THAT side of the equation as they are on the tax cut side.. THEN I might take some of their arguments slightly seriously. All I hear is tax cut, tax cut, tax cut. Taxes are at the lowest point in decades and decades, but the spending is record, and the "tax cut" party spends more than its opponents and opted us into an endless war to boot. How in any way can more tax cuts on the top 5% make sense? Only if you figure that it's highly likely that more of the really wealthy benefit enormously from gov. spending than not, and they don't wanna stop that gravy train.

The guy I quoted had it right: "The tax cut is a funny way of managing a household. It's like deciding that you are spending too much money, so you ask your boss for a wage cut."

I'm just astounded that people think the US can keep going down the Reaganomics/Bushonomics supply-side road. Clinton had the top rate at 39% and we had a surplus. Now it's at 35% and there's an $800 billion deficit. But damn.. make those lucky $15k bastards pay 35% like me.. WTF? Pay up the 4% difference. Tax the damn Walton/Hilton heirs, etc.; they didn't work for that money.. ya got billions and billions right there. Which they accumulated by paying their workers so little that Wal*Mart even counseled them on how to get food stamps and Medicaid!!! argh.
 
The amount I was paying in taxes helped me make the decision to ER. Ive alway's lived below my means and now with no debt I can get down below the top 10% and still live well. I was not in the top 1% but Ive been in the top 10% for a number of years.

I just need to figure out where the sweet spot will be for me as far as taxes are conserned. Maybe next time I can qualify for one of those stimulus checks.
 
If I saw the really wealthy working as hard --buying lobbyists and leaning on politicians.. threatening not to go to their $5k/plate fundraisers unless they work to reduce gov. spending and not just on social programs but on ag./oil subsidies and defense contracts and so forth-- working as hard on THAT side of the equation as they are on the tax cut side.. THEN I might take some of their arguments slightly seriously. All I hear is tax cut, tax cut, tax cut. Taxes are at the lowest point in decades and decades, but the spending is record, and the "tax cut" party spends more than its opponents and opted us into an endless war to boot. How in any way can more tax cuts on the top 5% make sense? Only if you figure that it's highly likely that more of the really wealthy benefit enormously from gov. spending than not, and they don't wanna stop that gravy train.

The guy I quoted had it right: "The tax cut is a funny way of managing a household. It's like deciding that you are spending too much money, so you ask your boss for a wage cut."

I'm just astounded that people think the US can keep going down the Reaganomics/Bushonomics supply-side road. Clinton had the top rate at 39% and we had a surplus. Now it's at 35% and there's an $800 billion deficit. But damn.. make those lucky $15k bastards pay 35% like me.. WTF? Pay up the 4% difference. Tax the damn Walton/Hilton heirs, etc.; they didn't work for that money.. ya got billions and billions right there. Which they accumulated by paying their workers so little that Wal*Mart even counseled them on how to get food stamps and Medicaid!!! argh.

True Reagonomics and Bushonomics (not in action) is to lower spending so that you are at a surplus and then cut that amount in taxes. Did that actually occur? Of course not, people need the bureacracies. Government agencies like to have hierarchies, someone to work above and below. When you are pushing for a bottom line in a business, a lot of the needless jobs and positions are eliminated. In government agencies, there is NO incentive to cut costs. Actually, you can do whatever you want, spend more money and you will GET more money. There is an incentive to spend MORE because you have an unlimited source of funds at your disposal (at least in your mind).

ladelfina, you mention NAFTA as something that only benefits the rich, and then also mention that on the low cost shoes, the tariff is the largest. Shouldn't all tariffs be eliminated in this sense as it hurts any consumer at the expense of an entitled few? I believe that tariffs hurt the poor the most, they are the ones who spend most of their money on necessary items.

Sin taxes are tough because they are very muddled with class issues as well, as people do not separate them as well. I mentioned on another thread the belief about cigarette/alcohol taxes. Most people, if they want to discourage smoking/drinking/shooting hoops, will want to raise a tax. But, because they are addictive (similar to oil/gasoline), raising the price 100% may only decrease usage 5% or so. The amount bought does not reflect the quantity changed. This is good as you can raise some important revenue for the state, from something you don't care for, AND discourage some smoking. But consider, however, that poor people smoke at a much higher rate on average than wealthier people. Also, they pay a lot higher percentage of their income on the cigarettes/alcohol. Does this make it a lot tougher to decide whether you should raise tobacco taxes? Maybe, maybe not. This is similar to lotteries... they pay for some local taxes, but it is essentially a stupid tax (or a tax on the poor), the only ones who spend their money on lotteries/scratch tickets.
 
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