When I retired, I converted the balance of my 401k to my FIDO Roth & tIRA. Over the last 6-7 years while employed, I maxed Roth & after tax 401k accounts best I could afford, once I realized that RMDs were going to (relatively) kill me due to the size of the 401k pretax which I had been doing exclusively rather blindly. The idea that post retirement tax rate could be higher than employed tax rate didn’t seem possible. Now its about a certainty between pensions, SS & RMDs. The only pretax monies were company match and all earnings, once I realized this, as the 401k had no Roth option. However, the amounts earned in the pretax accounts dwarfed the smaller Roth and still do. I finally can start Conversions for the next few years while I delay filing SS which will only help a little, but it’s something. I wish I had found this site 10 years earlier.