figner
Recycles dryer sheets
You would not required to have coverage under what was noted. However, if you do not purchase a policy and then seek care for pre-existing conditions, you would pay a penalty for that. If you have not had any coverage for a full year, the penalties would double if seeking care for pre-existing conditions.
The issue I see with this is the penalties would have to be pretty high to avoid the incentive to go without insurance. At the ballpark penalty levels you listed, I would be willing to not insure at all until I developed a medical issue costing over $25k or so. If I require treatment costing around $100k (not all that uncommon), I'd come out way ahead by saving premiums for many years and then only having to fork over $10-20k or so once I get sick.
Granted, I'm probably not a typical American in terms of being willing to self-insure up to $25k, but if I'm tempted, I'm sure many others would be too. Then you have the adverse selection problem again.