The only thing we have to leverage is not paying the bill. I extend this to not paying any bill associated with the encounter, no matter what entity is trying to extract money from me. This way, more entities are kept "interested" in helping me find a solution. There can be problems with this approach, obviously, but more on that later.
Step one: You need to add something to those forms they make you fill-out when visiting a doctor. They ask you for essential health information right along side a bunch of stuff to make sure they can collect money from you, like your social security number (which you NEVER give them). So somewhere in the region where they're slyly asking you information about how best to collect money from you, you write "Any procedure, service, or billable item, from this office or another entity must be approved by me in advance." (or something like that). Then take a picture of that form with your phone. They will probably say "we can't do that". Fine, they can scratch it off the form (you have your photo).
Scenario "disclosed out of network": So you get in there and they say we use "LabOTheFuture". You say "how much?" They say "I dunno". You say "Find out." They say "It depends". To this, you call BS. There is nothing unknown or secret here. There's no insurance involved. They know the price, they're just stonewalling. Get the price out of them. If you agree to it, you owe it. Done.
Scenario "in-network": You get in there and they say we use a lab that's in network and you need a test. You say "how much?" They say "I dunno". And they don't! There's a secret contract between the lab and the insurance company! In this case, you must trust your insurance company to have done a good job negotiating the rate and just be thankful it's in-network.
Scenario "undisclosed out of network": You get blind-sided after a visit. Maybe you had no idea there was even a second, third, fourth or fifth party (you thought you just went to the doctor, first party). Don't pay anybody. Relax. Wait two months. Don't call anybody. Ignore anybody who calls you. Wait for everything to get exchanged with the insurance company. This is easier to do for encounters that are not "ongoing", but the idea might be able to be extended to those types of situations too. If the bills from all parties are not to your liking, call your doctor's office and tell the finance person that nobody's getting a dime until you're happy with all of the bills. Give the financial person there at your doctor's office a copy of the form where you added the stipulation concerning being notified of out of network services.
Here is the point where you document everything and make sure all entities know that you're planning to open a case with your state's attorney general. Give that a week and see if that saber rattling works. If not, go ahead and open a case. Maybe it'll work, maybe not.
If your attorney general's office doesn't help, let each entity send you to collections if you're not satisfied. Or, if you "need" to do future business with one of the entities, you can negotiate that bill or just pay it. The point is, don't be afraid of collection agencies, they can be ignored easily.
So now you get the letter from the collection agency. You write a certified letter, known as a "drop dead" letter disputing the debt and that you have source documentation that indicates the debt is invalid (that picture you took of the form where you added the stipulation). And you threaten to sue them in your local small claims court if they impact your credit rating (a right afforded you by the Fair Debit Collection Practices Act).
I doubt it will come to it, but if they sue you, make sure you show up in court with your document. You might just win. If you get a judgement against you and you're concerned that being on the public record as someone who's got a judgement against you, pay the bill. If you don't care that you've got a judgement against you, STILL don't pay it. They don't throw you into debtors prison nowadays. If they put a mark on your credit report, you could sue them in your small claims court (mine costs $99), but I'd probably just ignore it. Unless you're going to be trying to get a loan in the future, small claims process is just a long and stressful thing you don't need to go through.
The more people that get "hard nosed" with "the system", the more they'll start respecting us as consumers. The patient is the patsy. Toughen-up. They've got the deck stacked against the consumer. Use whatever rules we have on our side to combat the messed-up system.